prepositions of place and location

by reza-r 7. July 2009 16:20

Prepositions of place and position:

Across                   Her house is across the street.

At                           He used to be a student at an American university

Against                 His bicycle was leaning against the fence.

Behind                  The garage is behind the house.

By                           The house by the lake is my dream house.

Down                    We saw him walking down Fifth Avenue this morning.

In                            She was dozing in an armchair when we got there.

In back of            The taxi is parked in back of the bus.

In front of           The ball rolled in front of the bus.

Inside                    Come in. it is warmer inside the house.

Near                      You shouldn’t smoke near gasoline.

On                          He put the book on the table.

On top of             I want cake and on top of that I want whipped cream.

Over                      The mother pulled the blanket over the baby.

Outside                                There is a bird’s nest outside my window.

To                           She went to the grocery store.

Through               The bird flew through the open window.

Under                   The book was under the desk.

Underneath       Put a pad underneath that hot coffee pot.

Up                          He was walking up the street.

Upon                     He placed his hat upon his head.

Among                 If you look carefully you might find the letter among those papers.

Between             His shop is between the bank and the post office.

After                     Walk straight ahead; then take the first street after the bridge.

Before                  I have your letter before me now.

Below                   They live in the apartment below us.

Opposite             The school is opposite the church.

 

 

 

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Phrasal verbs

by reza-r 17. April 2009 14:30

·         Get along:         work or play with others without difficulty

                                I get along well with Tom.

                                Our children don’t get along at all.

·         Get back:           return

                                We got back from our vacation yesterday.

·         Get across:       make understood,cause someone to understand

                                He didn’t get the point across.

                                The teacher tried hard to get the idea across.

·         Get around:     1.escape or evade a rule, problem, or obstacle.

                                Good citizens don’t try get around the law.

                                We easily got around that problem .

                                          2.move about, as after an illness

                                My grandmother still gets around, although she is old.

                                Mrs. Walker had pneumonia, but she gets around nicely now.

·         Get away:         1.escape

The thief got away.

                  2.leave

Let’s try to get away by 7 A.M.

·         Get on:                               board  or enter a vehicle, usually a large one

He gets on the bus  at Maple Street

·         Get in:                                enter a car or small vehicle

Let’s get in the car.

·         Get off:                              1.leave a vehicle

Tom got off the train at Maple Avenue.

                                  2.begin a journey

They got off yesterday

·         Get over:           recover, as from an illness,return to normal

After he got over his cold, he felt fine.

·         Get through:    finish

I got through with my work on time.

·         Get up:                               1.rise from a chair or bed

I get up at seven every morning.                                                                                             

                                  2.prepare or organize

They got it up as a surprise for the teacher.

                               

                                               

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Monolingual dictionaries

by Yashar Zamanian 20. February 2009 08:14

 

Using a monolingual dictionary can be hard work, especially if you have to carry it all the way to class yourself! There are lots of good reasons why your teacher might want to train you in using an English-English dictionary. These reasons are listed below: 
 
1.   Stop translating:
If you can switch off L1 (your first language) part of your brain, it will eventually become possible to think in English and so speed up your comprehension and production of the language. Using a monolingual dictionary not only means you are reading in English and avoiding your own language, but that you can also copy the definition down into your notebook and so increase your use of English.

2.   Double practice:
Many students are worried that when they look for one difficult English word in the dictionary they will just find it explained with another difficult word they also don't know. This will rarely happen with the right dictionary and if this happens all the time you should probably be using an easier one such as an Elementary Learners' Dictionary. If this still happens occasionally even when you have the right dictionary, that means that the word you don't know in the definition is also very useful and you are therefore getting double practice of English by learning that one too.

3.   Grading:
As mentioned above, English-English dictionaries are available in many different levels. By using an Intermediate Learners' Dictionary, for example, you will know that any words which you read in a text that do not appear in the dictionary are not important enough to learn at this stage of your English studies and so can be ignored. If there are many words in the article you are reading that are not in the dictionary for your level, that is also a good sign that the text is too difficult and you should read a graded text instead. Bilingual dictionaries are not often graded this way.

 4.   Words that don't translate:
Another problem students have is that they understand the English definition but still can't think what that word is in their own language, and so they go to a bilingual dictionary to check. Usually the translations given in a bilingual dictionary are not really the same thing as the English word. This is particularly true with personality words, where seemingly the same word in different languages might have very different positive and negative meanings. This is another case in which stopping translation helps.

5.   Learning English grammar words:
Students also sometimes complain that words like "noun" and "adverb" in the English-English dictionary make the definitions difficult to understand, but these are words you will also need in order to be able to study English without using your own language. A dictionary is a very good place to learn grammar words from because the same words are repeated many times. Copying these words down (or short versions like "n" or "adv") when you learn new vocabulary can help you learn the vocabulary better and learn the grammar words at the same time. Knowing these words in English will also help you discuss the language with people who do not speak your language, for example if you study abroad.

6.   More information:
A good English-English dictionary for foreign language learners includes lots of extra information to study that most bilingual dictionaries leave out, such as the most used words in the English language, more definitions for each word, common confusions and mistakes, and the phonemic script for pronunciation.
  
7. Learning to explain language in English:
The way that a dictionary explains a word in simple language is very similar to what you will need to do if you can't think of a word in English and have to explain what you mean in other ways. Reading such explanations will make it easier for you to make explanations yourself such as "I can't think of the word, but it is a kind of...”

 8. Quality control:
By using a good English-English dictionary for learners recommended by your teacher, you can avoid the problems that some bilingual dictionaries (especially electronic ones) have such as lots of useless or out of date words no one uses or lack of definition for each word. 
 

9. Learning usage of words and collocations:

All bilingual dictionaries do not provide any example in which the new word is used. Moreover most of the bilingual dictionaries do not mention any thing about the usage of words. It means that they don’t tell where and how you can use the words. On the other hand an English-English dictionary provides lots of examples and tells you exactly how and where you can use the words. In addition they provide some useful collocations which are the natural combination of words. Example: ‘Beautiful success’ is grammatical but it is not a natural combination in English.  

To reach to an end, although using monolingual dictionaries might be time-consuming at first you will benefit a lot from it. In other words it’s advantages are more than it’s disadvantages.     

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CNN vocabulary (4)

by Yashar Zamanian 14. February 2009 18:15

Here is the fourth article extracted from www.CNN.com, extracted from the entertainment section of the website. The new words are bold. You can find the definition of the new words at the end of the article:

Whales serve as backdrop for aquarium yoga classes

http://i.cdn.turner.com/cnn/.element/img/2.0/mosaic/base_skins/baseplate/corner_wire_BL.gif 

Now, the world's largest aquarium is introducing a new animal to complement those centuries-old yoga stances -- the beluga whale.

The Georgia Aquarium -- which with 80,000 animals and 8 million gallons of water is considered the biggest facility of its kind -- has begun offering yoga classes in front of the tank that holds its belugas, whose playful nature and graceful movements have made them a favorite of visitors since the aquarium opened in late 2005.

"The beluga whales are so slow and so smooth in their movements, which is indeed what this is about -- slow movements of the body," said Todd DeLaune, one of the instructors of the weekly sessions. "And I think the energy of the belugas corresponds with the practice that we do."

The classes -- billed as the first of their kind -- are part of an ongoing effort the aquarium has made since its inception to keep things fresh and keep visitors coming back, even in tough economic times.

Home Depot co-founder Bernie Marcus, who bankrolled the aquarium almost entirely out of his own pocket, said in 2005 that attractions such as aquariums have a habit of starting strong but fading after a few years, something he was determined to avoid.

"We are trying to do something new all the time, so every time you come to the aquarium there's something new -- a new program, a new animal, a new exhibit," said spokesman Dave Santucci.

Santucci said the aquarium largely has weathered the dismal economy well, with a decrease in out-of-state and international visitors being offset by an increase in visitors who live within 100 miles and are forgoing long-distance trips themselves.

Children's classes will be offered at the same time as the adult ones. The cost is $20 for aquarium members and $35 for nonmembers, who also get a day pass to visit the rest of the aquarium.

At a recent preview class, student Stephanie Jolluck said the atmosphere at the aquarium enhanced her practice of yoga, the physical and mental discipline believed to have originated in India as early as 3000 B.C.

"For me, it's a dream to be here in this calm space, to watch the whales," she said. "The music ... the lights -- everything is a dream."

It's no surprise that the swirling, languid movements of the aquarium's three belugas -- Nico, Maris and Natasha -- enhance the experience, said instructor Kimberly Hard.

"The first time I came to the aquarium, I was impressed by the animals and the landscape," she said. "One has always known that the ocean generates peace and calm."

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Backdrop: the scenery surrounding an event.   Example: The mountains provided a dramatic backdrop for our picnic.

Complement: to add to sth in a way that improves it or makes it more attractive:

Example: The excellent menu is complemented by a good wine list.        

 Example:  The team needs players who complement each other

Stance: the way in which sb stands, especially when playing a sport:

Example: Widen your stance (= move your feet wider apart) for greater stability when hitting the ball.

Bill: [usually passive] ~ sb/sth as sth to advertise or describe sb/sth in a particular way:

Example: He was billed as the new Tom Cruise.

Ongoing: continuing to exist or develop:

Example: an ongoing debate / discussion / process         Example: The police investigation is ongoing.                

Example: Training is part of our ongoing career development program.

Inception: [sing.] (Formal) the start of an institution, an organization, etc:

Example: The club has grown rapidly since its inception in 1990.

Bankroll: (informal, especially AmE) to support sb/sth financially:

Example: They claimed his campaign had been bankrolled with drug money.

Weather: to come safely through a difficult period or experience.  Example: The company just managed to weather the recession.    Example:  She refuses to resign, intending to weather the storm (= wait until the situation improves again).

Dismal: not skilful or successful; of very low quality.

Example: The singer gave a dismal performance of some old songs.  Example: Their recent attempt to increase sales has been a dismal failure.

Offset: to use one cost, payment or situation in order to cancel or reduce the effect of another.

Example: Prices have risen in order to offset the increased cost of materials.  Example: (BrE) What expenses can you offset against tax?

Forgoing: [VN] (formal) to decide not to have or do sth that you would like to have or do:

Example: No one was prepared to forgo their lunch hour to attend the meeting.

Swirl: to move around quickly with a circular movement; to make sth do this.]

Example:  A long skirt swirled around her ankles. Example: He took a mouthful of water and swirled it around his mouth.

Languid: [adjective]

(Written) moving slowly in a graceful manner, not needing energy or effort.

Example: a languid wave of the hand           Example:  a languid afternoon in the sun

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Useful proverbs

by Dr Niazmand 9. February 2009 14:24

Some interesting English proverbs

 

 

Where there's a will there's a way: When a person really wants to do something, he will find a way of doing it. 

A friend in need is a friend indeed: A friend who helps when one is in trouble is a real friend. 

Great talkers are little doers: Those people who talk a lot and are always teaching others usually do not do much work. 

An idle brain is the devil's workshop: One who has nothing to do will be tempted to do many mischievous (bad) acts. 

Better late than never: To do something that is right, profitable, or good a little late is still better than not doing it at all.   

A bird in hand is worth two in the bush: Something that one already has is better than going after something seemingly more worthwhile that one may not be able to get. 

Birds of a feather flock together: People of the same sort of character or belief always go together. 

Charity begins at home: A person's first obligation should be to help the member of his own family before he can begin thinking of talking about helping others.

Every one can find fault, few can do better: It is easier to find fault in other people's actions or methods than to do it properly or correctly.

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CNN vocabulary (3)

by Yashar Zamanian 6. February 2009 06:42

Here is the third article from WWW.CNN.COM  which is extracted from the Business section of the website. The new words are bold. You can find the definition of the words at the end of the article:

CNN Chief Business Correspondent

 

Editor's note: All this week CNN.com is running excerpts from CNN chief business correspondent Ali Velshi's new book,"Gimme My Money Back: Your Guide to Beating the Financial Crisis,"published by Sterling & Ross. This is the fourth excerpt in the five-part series

You wouldn't build a house without a blueprint (not if you expected it to stay up). And you wouldn't take a cross-country road trip without a map. Anything worth doing is worth planning. Your financial future is no exception.

No matter how smart you are, you couldn't possibly expect to succeed at a game you'd never played unless you at least knew the rules. You'd want to know the strategies. You'd want to understand the tools. You'd want to see how the little moves add up to the big picture.

It's the same with investing. There are certain principles that determine investment performance. They describe the way that different market elements interact with one another, the way they work together over time. Understand them, and you're on the way to success.

These principles can help you construct your portfolio, make your decisions and measure your investment performance against objective standards. Have an investment question? Ask Ali

The first thing to know is that, historically, markets rise over time. Markets move in cycles: they go up, they go down, they go up again. Picture a mountain peak, a valley and then another mountain peak -- that's a market cycle. At the end, the new peak is higher than the last one.

So even when we're in a deep trough (a recession), we should have faith in the market's ultimate recovery. Because that's what the market has done over and over and over again.

As I write this book, the market is down quite a bit from the all-time high it reached in 2007. Am I worried about the money I invested? Not really. I've made a long-term commitment to my investment plan. Despite the current turbulence, I haven't changed it one bit. I know that the market will recover and that my investments will grow.

Don't Miss

*                   Excerpt: Putting your financial house in order

*                   iReport.com: Ask Ali Velshi

*                   Quiz: Are you a risk taker?

*                   In Depth: Gimme My Money Back

That's not to say I enjoy seeing markets fall -- I don't. But I recognize that there are good times and bad times. Our country, our world, isn't going away.

The energy of the 6 billion people on our planet will propel us forward. If you stand back far enough and look at market results for the past 80 years, you'd see an almost unbroken line of progress. It's the short term that gives people the jitters.

advertisement

But the cure for fear is knowledge. So one of my goals is to help you understand the principles that describe how the markets behave.

In tomorrow's final excerpt, we'll talk about kicking back in retirement.

Correspondent: a person who reports news from a particular country or on a particular subject for a newspaper or television or radio station

Beat: to get control of something / to hit something many times and usually very hard

Excerpt: a short piece of writing, music, film, etc. taken from a longer whole

Add up to: to lead to a particular result / to show something

Invest: to buy property, share in a company, in the hope of making a profit

Trough: a period of time when the level of something is low, specially a time when a business or the economy is not growing

Recession: a difficult time for the economy of a country, when there is less trade and industrial activity than usual and more people are unemployed  

Ultimate: happening at the end of a long process

Recovery: the process of improving or becoming stronger again

Commitment: a promise to do something or to behave in a particular way

Turbulence: a situation in which there is a lot of sudden change, confusion, disagreement and sometimes violence

Go away: to disappear

Propel: to move, drive or push something forward or in a particular direction

Jitters: feeling or being anxious and nervous, especially before an important event or before having to do something difficult

Kick Back: money paid illegally to somebody in return for work or help

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CNN vocabulary (2)

by Yashar Zamanian 4. February 2009 16:31

Here is the second article from the www.CNN.com which is extracted from the traveling section of the website. The new words are bold. You can find the definition of the word at the end of the article:

 

MADRID, Spain (CNN) -- A heavy snowstorm caused chaos in Madrid on Friday and authorities suspended flights at Barajas airport, the fourth busiest in Europe, shortly after noon local time

"It's a huge snowstorm. You don't see this in Madrid often," an airport spokeswoman told CNN.

The airport's 1,205 daily inbound and outbound flights were suspended until further notice, due to low visibility and the intensity of the snowstorm outpacing the airport's snow clearing and de-icing equipment, said the spokeswoman, who by custom is not identified.

Hundreds of travelers may be stranded in the airport's four terminals, but not thousands, she said, because many simply couldn't reach the airport due to bad road conditions.

Madrid is one of the highest capitals in Europe, at an elevation of 646 meters (2120ft), but it does not often snow in the city itself, nor with the ferocity seen on Friday.

As children and even some adults on the street gleefully tossed snow balls,city officials urged motorists to stay off the roads and use public transport

Large traffic jams formed on the major highways leading from Madrid to Barcelona and other cities, and numerous vehicles had run off the roads.

Bus service was suspended in many areas although subways and commuter trains were operating, with delays in some cases.

Weather forecasters said the snow was expected to continue through Saturday morning, although diminishing in intensity

Chaos:  state of complete confusion and disorder.  Example: heavy snow has caused total chaos on the roads.

Suspend: to officially delay sth, to arrange for sth to happen later than planned; to suspend judgment.

Outpacing:   to go, rise, improve, etc. faster than sb/sth; he easily outpaced the other runners.

Stranded: to leave sb in a place from which they have no way of leaving; the strike left hundreds of tourists stranded at the airport.

Elevation: the height of a place, especially its height above sea level; the city is at an elevation of 2000 meters.

Ferocity: violence, fierce or aggressive behavior; the police were shocked by the ferocity of the attack.

Gleefully: happy because of sth good you have done or sth bad that has happened to sb else; a gleeful laugh.

Tossed:  to throw sth lightly or carelessly; he tossed Anna the ball.  Example: I tossed the book aside and got up

Commuter: a person who travels into a city to work each day, usually from quite far away .

Diminishing: to become or to make sth become smaller; our efforts were producing diminishing returns. Example: His influence has diminished with time.

           

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CNN vocabulary (1)

by Yashar Zamanian 4. February 2009 09:27

 

A good way of improving vocabulary is reading authentic texts in different fields. WWW.CNN.COM is a website in which you can find news in different fields. I have set an assignment for my students: they visit this website and download some articles in different fields. Firstly they read each article one or two times to get the general idea of the article without looking up the new words in the dictionary. Secondly they look up the new words and expressions from monolingual dictionaries. From now on, I am going to post a topic under the name of CNN vocabulary. Here is the first one which is an article from the sport section of the website. The new words are bold. You can find their definition at the end of the article:

 

(CNN) -- Cristiano Ronaldo was crowned FIFA's world player of the year in Zurich on Monday as Manchester United's star winger completed a stunning trophy collection.

Portugal international Ronaldo helped United win the Premier League, Champions League and world club championship titles in 2008.

Ronaldo also collected the European Player of the Year accolade and was voted number one by FIFPro, the worldwide players' union.

Now Ronaldo has seen off 2007 winner Kaka, of AC Milan, Spain Euro 2008 top scorer Fernando Torres of Liverpool and Barcelona stars Xavi and Lionel Messi.

"It's another overwhelming moment in my career," said 23-year-old Ronaldo who received the award from Brazilian legend Pele. "It's a tremendously emotional moment and a dream comes true. I'd like to dedicate this to my family."

Ronaldo also paid tribute to club manager Alex Ferguson who fought a very public battle with Real Madrid last summer when the Primera Liga giants attempted to lure the player to Spain.

"It's also true that the manager always has an important role to play. It was a great season for me and for my club, and the coach was important for me because I learned a lot for him," he said.

"His experience over so many years is of paramount importance -- it's a privilege to have such a great club manager.

"This is the climax of a fantastic era for me. I'm happy and proud about what has been done by my team and what we have won.

"I am lucky to be part of the history of a club like Manchester United."

Stunning: extremely impressive or attractive.            

 Trophy: a cup or other decorative object awarded as a prize for a victory or success.

Champion:  a person who has surpassed all rivals in a sporting contest or other competition.

Accolade: (formal) praise or an award for an achievement that people admire.

See off: to defeat someone in a game, fight, etc      

Example: The home team saw off the challengers by 68 points to 47.

Scorer: the number of points, goals, runs

Overwhelming: very great or very strong; so powerful that you cannot resist it or decide how to react     Example: an overwhelming sense of loss / relief     Example: She had the almost overwhelming desire to tell him the truth.

Tremendous: very great in amount.

Tribute: an act, a statement or a gift that is intended to show your respect or admiration, especially for a dead person:

Example:  At her funeral her oldest friend paid tribute to her life and work.  Example: The crowd stood in silent tribute to those who had died in the war. Example: This book is a fitting tribute to the bravery of the pioneers.

Privilege: a special right or advantage that a particular person or group of people has         Example: You can enjoy all the benefits and privileges of club membership

Paramount: more important than anything else:   Example: This matter is of paramount importance.    Example: Safety is paramount.

Climax: important point

Lure: to persuade or trick sb to go somewhere or to do sth by promising them a reward        Example: The child was lured into the car but managed to escape.        Example: young people are lured to the city by the prospect of a job and money.

 

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