"SCANNING SKILL" PRACTICE

by reza-r 10. July 2009 16:56

Don’t panic dears! You aren’t to translate or memorize this text; you are just given some questions to answer according to it. Use scanning skill to answer these questions. The tense of the questions will help you; pay attention to them.

1. What percent of the world’s newsprint paper is supplied by Canada?

2. What is the recent alternative for pulp?

3. What are fuel, oils and textiles made of?

4. What species of cannabis is mentioned?

5. When did Canada legalize the farming of hemp?

6. Who points out that marijuana is less toxic than tobacco or alcohol?

7. How long has hemp been cultivated?

Pulp Friction

Every second, 1 hectare of the world's rainforest is destroyed. That's equivalent to two football fields. An area the size of New York City is lost every day. In a year, that adds up to 31 million hectares -- more than the land area of Poland. This alarming rate of destruction has serious consequences for the environment; scientists estimate, for example, that 137 species of plant, insect or animal become extinct every day due to logging. In British Columbia, where, since 1990, thirteen rainforest valleys have been clear-cut, 142 species of salmon have already become extinct, and the habitats of grizzly bears, wolves and many other creatures are threatened. Logging, however, provides jobs, profits, taxes for the government and cheap products of all kinds for consumers, so the government is reluctant to restrict or control it.

Much of Canada's forestry production goes towards making pulp and paper. According to the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association, Canada supplies 34% of the world's wood pulp and 49% of its newsprint paper. If these paper products could be produced in some other way, Canadian forests could be preserved. Recently, a possible alternative way of producing paper has been suggested by agriculturalists and environmentalists: a plant called hemp.

Hemp has been cultivated by many cultures for thousands of years. It produces fiber which can be made into paper, fuel, oils, textiles, food, and rope. For many centuries, it was essential to the economies of many countries because it was used to make the ropes and cables used on sailing ships; colonial expansion and the establishment of a world-wide trading network would not have been possible without hemp. Nowadays, ships' cables are usually made from wire or synthetic fibers, but scientists are now suggesting that the cultivation of hemp should be revived for the production of paper and pulp. According to its proponents, four times as much paper can be produced from land using hemp rather than trees, and many environmentalists believe that the large-scale cultivation of hemp could reduce the pressure on Canada's forests.

However, there is a problem: hemp is illegal in many countries of the world. This plant, so useful for fiber, rope, oil, fuel and textiles, is a species of cannabis, related to the plant from which marijuana is produced. In the late 1930s, a movement to ban the drug marijuana began to gather force, resulting in the eventual banning of the cultivation not only of the plant used to produce the drug, but also of the commercial fiber-producing hemp plant. Although both George Washington and Thomas Jefferson grew hemp in large quantities on their own land, any American growing the plant today would soon find himself in prison -- despite the fact that marijuana cannot be produced from the hemp plant, since it contains almost no THC (the active ingredient in the drug).

In recent years, two major movements for legalization have been gathering strength. One group of activists believes that ALL cannabis should be legal -- both the hemp plant and the marijuana plant -- and that the use of the drug marijuana should not be an offense. They argue that marijuana is not dangerous or addictive, and that it is used by large numbers of people who are not criminals but productive members of society. They also point out that marijuana is less toxic than alcohol or tobacco. The other legalization movement is concerned only with the hemp plant used to produce fiber; this group wants to make it legal to cultivate the plant and sell the fiber for paper and pulp production. This second group has had a major triumph recently: in 1997, Canada legalized the farming of hemp for fiber. For the first time since 1938, hundreds of farmers are planting this crop, and soon we can expect to see pulp and paper produced from this new source

 

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Reading Forum

prepositions of place and location

by reza-r 7. July 2009 16:20

Prepositions of place and position:

Across                   Her house is across the street.

At                           He used to be a student at an American university

Against                 His bicycle was leaning against the fence.

Behind                  The garage is behind the house.

By                           The house by the lake is my dream house.

Down                    We saw him walking down Fifth Avenue this morning.

In                            She was dozing in an armchair when we got there.

In back of            The taxi is parked in back of the bus.

In front of           The ball rolled in front of the bus.

Inside                    Come in. it is warmer inside the house.

Near                      You shouldn’t smoke near gasoline.

On                          He put the book on the table.

On top of             I want cake and on top of that I want whipped cream.

Over                      The mother pulled the blanket over the baby.

Outside                                There is a bird’s nest outside my window.

To                           She went to the grocery store.

Through               The bird flew through the open window.

Under                   The book was under the desk.

Underneath       Put a pad underneath that hot coffee pot.

Up                          He was walking up the street.

Upon                     He placed his hat upon his head.

Among                 If you look carefully you might find the letter among those papers.

Between             His shop is between the bank and the post office.

After                     Walk straight ahead; then take the first street after the bridge.

Before                  I have your letter before me now.

Below                   They live in the apartment below us.

Opposite             The school is opposite the church.

 

 

 

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Vocabulary Forum

definition and description

by reza-r 26. June 2009 10:11

Definition and description are two very important concepts which have been discussed in the two first lessons of the first book of reading. Here I have provided you with further explanation of these concepts.

Defining:

a. A paragraph that precisely explains what something is or

how it looks or works, its purpose, etc.

b. This type of paragraph answers the question, “What do

you mean?” For example, what do you mean by “Biblical

authority”? Requires at least a paragraph, and more

likely a whole book, to explain your version.

c. Topic sentence identifies the subject and the focus of the

definition. For example, I will the term “university”

differently for an architect than for a student.          

d. Causes us to consider what we are discussing, who we

are discussing it for, and why. Need to define terms,

ideas, etc. for readers who do not have the same

knowledge or understanding that you have. For example,

I would briefly define my use of the term “hermeneutics” in

a journal article, but I would carefully define it in a second

year Biblical studies class.

Describing:

a. Can be used to explain an object, event, person, process,

position, express and clarify thoughts and emotions,

strengthen your conclusions of narrating and other

paragraphs.

`b. Topic sentence ought to identify and provide your central

impression, approval or concern about the event, person,

idea, or institution that you are describing. For example, “I

am pleased with our pastors’ friendliness and at the same

time concerned that their exclusion of the congregation

from decisions shows a lack of respect.”

c. This type of paragraph causes us to think in more detail

about a person,

 

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Reading Forum

Toxic Personalities!

by Dr Niazmand 5. June 2009 20:14

Hi everybody, this is a useful classification of unpleasant personalities which you can use when describing people in your part 2 of the speaking module. Enjoy it.

 

Here are the worst of the toxic personalities out there and how to spot them:

 

1. Manipulative Mary: These individuals are experts at manipulation tactics.  Is a matter of fact, you may not even realize you have been manipulated until it is too late.  These individuals figure out what your 'buttons' are, and push them to get what they want.

  • Why they are toxic: These people have a way of eating away at your belief system and self-esteem.  They find ways to make you do things that you don't necessarily want to do and before you know it, you lose your sense of identity, your personal priorities and your ability to see the reality of the situation.  The world all of a sudden becomes centered around their needs and their priorities.

2. Narcissistic Nancy: These people have an extreme sense of self-importance and believe that the world revolves around them.  They are often not as sly as the Manipulative Marys of the world, but instead, tend to be a bit overt about getting their needs met.  You often want to say to them "It isn't always about you."

  • Why they are toxic: They are solely focused on their needs, leaving your needs in the dust.  You are left disappointed and unfulfilled.  Further, they zap your energy by getting you to focus so much on them, that you have nothing left for yourself.

3. Debbie Downers: These people can't appreciate the positive in life.  If you tell them that it is a beautiful day, they will tell you about the impending dreary forecast.  If you tell them you aced a mid-term, they'll tell you about how difficult the final is going to be.

  • Why they are toxic: They take the joy out of everything.  Your rosy outlook on life continues to get squashed with negativity.  Before you know it, their negativity consumes you and you start looking at things with gray colored glasses yourself.

4. Judgmental Jims: When you see things as cute and quirky, they see things as strange and unattractive.  If you find people's unique perspectives refreshing, they find them 'wrong'.  If you like someone's eclectic taste, they find it 'disturbing' or 'bad'.

  • Why they are toxic: Judgmental people are much like Debbie Downers.  In a world where freedom rings, judgment is sooo over.  If the world was a homogeneous place, life would be pretty boring.  Spending a lot of time with these types can inadvertently convert you into a judgmental person as well.

5. Dream Killing Keiths: Every time you have an idea, these people tell you why you can't do it.  As you achieve, they try to pull you down.  As you dream, they are the first to tell you it is impossible.

  • Why they are toxic: These people are stuck in what is instead of what could be.  Further, these individuals eat away at your self-esteem and your belief in yourself.  Progress and change can only occur from doing new things and innovating, dreaming the impossible and reaching for the stars.

6. Insincere Illissas: You never quite feel that these people are being sincere.  You tell a funny story, they give you a polite laugh.  You feel depressed and sad and they give you a 'there, there' type response.  You tell them you are excited about something and you get a very ho-hum response.

  • Why they are toxic: People who aren't sincere or genuine build relationships on superficial criteria.  This breeds shallow, meaningless relationships.  When you are really in need of a friend, they won't be there.  When you really need constructive criticism, they would rather tell you that you are great the way you are.  When you need support, they would rather see you fail or make a fool of yourself.

7. Disrespectful Dannys: These people will say or do things at the most inappropriate times and in the most inappropriate ways.  In essence, they are more subtle, grown up bullies.  Maybe this person is a friend who you confided in and uses your secret against you.  Maybe it is a family member who puts their busy-body nose into your affairs when it is none of their business.  Or maybe, it is a colleague who says demeaning things to you.

  • Why they are toxic: These people have no sense of boundaries and don't respect your feelings or, for that matter, your privacy.  These people will cause you to feel frustrated and disrespected.

8. Never Enough Nellies: You can never give enough to these people to make them happy.  They take you for granted and have unrealistic expectations of you.  They find ways to continually fault you and never take responsibility for anything themselves.

  • Why they are toxic: You will spend so much time trying to please them, that you will end up losing yourself in the process.  They will require all of your time and energy, leaving you worn out and your own needs sacrificed.

All of these personalities have several things in common.  1) the more these people get away with their behavior, the more they will continue.  2) Unfortunately, most of these people don't see that what they do is wrong and as a result, talking to them about it will fall on deaf ears, leaving you wondering if you are the crazy one.  3) Most of these people get worse with age, making their impact on you stronger with time.

Frankly, life is too short to spend your time dealing with toxicity.  If you can, avoid spending mucho time with people who are indicative of these behaviors and you'll feel a lot happier. Have you encountered these personalities?  What have you done?  Any personalities you would add?

 

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Speaking Forum

generalization and specification

by reza-r 4. June 2009 11:26

Practice
Below you will see pairs of sentences. Each pair contains one sentence that would make a good general sentence and another sentence that would make a good specific sentence. Write G before the sentence in each pair that would make a good general sentence. Write S before each sentence that would make a good specific sentence.
 
 
  1. __________  Texas has 267,000 square miles.
2. __________  Texas is so big that you can find many things to do.
  1. __________ A bully is a boy or girl who acts mean or hurtful to others.
2. __________ Bullies sometimes hit, kick, or push to hurt people.
  1. __________ Heavy downpours on Earth's deserts can drastically change the landscape of these regions.
2. __________ Desert plants are mainly ground-hugging shrubs and short woody trees.
  1. __________ Kayaking is one camp sport.
2. __________ Basic push-ups and pull-ups will improve your upper body strength so that you will be better prepared to conquer camp activities.
  1. __________  There are several ways for accurately telling how old fossils are.
2. __________  The animal dies and sinks to the sea floor.

 

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Reading Forum

uncountable nouns

by reza-r 26. May 2009 17:51

Uncountable nouns are always used in the singular form and subsequently need a singular form of verb. In this post I am going to provide you with some of the most widely used uncountable nouns. Getting familiar with these nouns will help you speak and write by far better. After these nouns you are given an exercise on using suitable form of verbs with different subjects.Try to answer the questions.It woulb be a good practice for you.  

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Information                       literature                            vocabulary                           advertising                            lumber

Vegetation                         youngster (C)                    stationery                             stationary                              luggage

Climate (C,U)                     homework                         assingment(C,U)                  slang                                      fish

Weather                             clothing                            machinary                           propaganda                            traffic

Equipment                          laughter                            knowledge                           architect                             

Engineering                        architecture                       skyscraper(C)                                            

Coffee                                  sugar                              chicken                               meat                                     advice

Gold                                      iron                                coal                                    oxygen                                 tennis

Recreation                             relaxation                        enjoyment                          technology                            liberty

French                                    English                            fear                                  research                               warmth work  

 news                                     paint                                  food                                                      

AGREEMENT OF THE SUBJECT AND THE VERB

1.A second series of books on American literature (is,are) being planned by the publisher.

2.several means of accomplishing our purpose(was,were) proposed at our meeting.

3.over $1500 (has,have) already been withheld from his salary.

4.two gallons of paint (is,are) all we need.

5.the goods (was,were) shipped yesterday.

6.athletics (has,have) always been emphasised in this school.

7.the proceeds of the sale (is,are) going to charity.

8.his riches (is,are) obtained illegally.

9.the measles (cause,causes) very vital problems.

10.the acoustics in this room(is,are)not good. 



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Grammar Forum

Speaking Practice

by Yashar Zamanian 25. May 2009 10:27

 

Dear students,

As you know, speaking grammatically is very important in speaking module of the IELTS.I have noticed in the speaking classes that some of you tend to make some certain grammatical mistakes while speaking in English. Some of these mistakes are due to lack of concentration or carelessness. I have a solution for you to increase your concentration on the grammatical structures that you use while speaking in English; you can record your voice when you are practicing speaking at home. Then you should listen to your recorded voice and transcribe everything. After that,look for the possible grammatical mistakes you have made and underline them. This exercise increases your awareness of grammar. From now on you can do this exercise and email me the transcription of your recorded voice. I will correct your grammatical mistakes and post the corrected transcriptions under the name of “SPEAKING PRACTICE”.

My email address is Yashar_z@IEICIELTS.com 

Best wishes,

Yashar Zamanian  

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Speaking Forum

Logical Connectors

by Ehsan Dehghan 12. May 2009 09:36

The use of connectors in logical interpretation of a text

Many of you have heard your teachers talk about Logical Connectors. For sure, your teachers have emphasized on the importance of these phrases and words, but there still seems to be a lot of questions regarding their usage. Well, in order to familiarize you more with their usage, I have prepared this short post. Let’s have an example first:

Ali didn’t study well. Ali failed the test.

Question: Based on the sentences, is this argument True, False, or Not Given?

Ali couldn’t pass the test because he hadn’t studied well.

Easy, right? The answer is True for sure. Ali didn’t study, and he failed the test. That’s the usual case for everybody who doesn’t study well… But stop at this point! YOU ARE WRONG! The answer is: Not Given. Where in the sentences there is the relation between Ali’s not studying, and his not passing the test?

That’s exactly why logical connectors are used in a text. If there’s no such thing, there’s no logical relation between the two sentences, and you cannot understand if Ali’s failure was the result of his not studying. Can you get what I mean?

Read this other example:

I was really hungry.

I didn’t eat lunch.

What’s happening here? Which sentence should be written first? Well, nobody can tell for sure. It depends on the idea the writer wants to express. Look here:

I didn’t eat lunch. As a result, I was really hungry.

I was really hungry. However, I didn’t eat lunch.

Can you get what I’m talking about? That’s the very reason why we, as your teachers, emphasize on the importance of logical connectors. They help you a lot in understanding the organization of sentences in a reading passage, and they, therefore, help you in answering the questions precisely and correctly. I hope this has been of help in familiarizing you with the use of connectors in a reading passage. If you have any questions, do not hesitate to ask in the comments section.

Thank you for reading.

 

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Authors

Dr Vahid Niazmand

Ehsan Dehghan

Omid Kardani

Reza rafi

Yashar Zamanian

Alireza Pourshah

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